Скопје 2014

How Skopje’s Urban Makeover Alienated Locals

Most people agree that the plan is in bad taste and a complete farce, but what impact is Skopje's postmodern transformation having on its citizens?

Under the auspices of “Skopje 2014”, a curious proliferation of statues, monuments and neo-classical and baroque architecture have lately begun popping up across Macedonia’s capital. While the expressed aim of this multi-million Euro project was to attract international investment and tourism to Skopje its international reception gives a measure of the overall cost of this project to the city’s reputation. The Guardian, for instance, ran with How Skopje became Europe’s new capital of kitsch, while CNN asked Is Macedonia’s capital being turned into a theme park? Indeed, looking at the coverage it appears to have been difficult to avoid well-worn comparisons to Disneyland or Las Vegas.

The government’s ambition has been to create a new national identity by rewriting history. Like so many other post-socialist cities, Skopje’s recent transformation looks to a distant past, deploying collective amnesia to skip over more recent troubles. The somewhat laughable statue of Alexander the Great, a shameless attempt to claim ownership over the legacy of ancient Macedonia, is perhaps the most obvious example. This postmodern fantasy may be amusing to the rest of Europe, but it is hard to see what relation Skopje 2014 has to the often harsh realities of everyday life in Skopje.

I spent June 2015 in Skopje to try to gain a deeper understanding of Skopje 2014, going beyond the grounds of taste to see the real impact the project has had on the city and its local people.

My first impression when I arrived was that it was much more chaotic than I had anticipated.. Skopje 2014 is not a master plan or a unified whole, but rather a series of monuments, buildings and facades. Despite the deadline suggested in the name, construction work continues at many of the major sites. For almost the entirety of my visit the central square Plostad Makadonija was in the process of being re-paved (“again” I heard the locals cry). Some plans, such as the controversial facelift and privatisation of the GTC shopping centre, were added to the project later and had not even begun. In short, it seems there is still much to be done.

But another thing that quickly became apparent was the extent to which Skopje 2014 is tied to a more far-reaching nationwide political crisis. Culminating in protests in May 2015, the crisis is the worst to hit the country since it gained independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, and it is amazing how quickly a conversation about neoclassical columns could turn into a conversation about protests, corruption and money laundering. This is linked to the fact that the transformation is almost entirely funded by the government, who managed to completely bypass local planning systems and normal procedure. And it isn’t helped by the project’s status as the brainchild of Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski, whose resignation the protesters had been calling for.

Gruevski in fact appears to have orchestrated the work himself. Speaking to a member of his party VMRO DPMNE, and someone who knew the Prime Minister personally, I asked why they had chosen the baroque style. He shrugged and replied “I don’t know, it is the Prime Minister’s taste”. But while Gruevski held on to power the construction work at least seemed set to continue, even as the cloud of controversy and tales of money laundering continue apace. Many people’s biggest fear about the unfinished project, however, is what will happen if Gruevski is not re-elected. As the political crisis continues, the project’s fate hangs in the balance.

In Skopje I found that among my friends and acquaintances there is a pervading sense of alienation. When a video was first released in 2010 showing the plans for the project, few Macedonians believed it could come to fruition – more likely an unachievable dream or a sadistic joke. Most have been continually surprised to watch as the structures have risen. The project has progressed and locals have been left baffled and increasingly angry. As construction work took over the city centre, it has become more and more disconnected from the reality of everyday life in Skopje.

On the subject of alienation, it is clear that Skopje 2014 has primarily had this effect through its physical form – the architecture and sculpture is quite foreign to the style and standards in Skopje. For instance, the Architects Association of Macedonia have been particularly outspoken in their opposition to the project. And it’s easy to see why. Like the planning system, the AAM was completely ignored. It was involved in neither commissioning nor implementation. As a likely consequence, the architecture varies greatly in the quality of design and execution, but is on the whole insensitive to its context and unsympathetic to Skopje’s architectural heritage.

In the rest of the city I have seen signs of many architects’ respect and admiration of the work of Kenzo Tange and Janko Konstantinov, and the younger generation of architects emerging from AAM is clearly taking inspiration from the brutalist and modernist legacy of the Yugoslav period. Not so the architects of Skopje 2014. The neoclassical and baroque architecture of Skopje 2014 are foreign objects in a city more accustomed to Corbusian pillars than doric columns.

A second source of alienation comes from the mounting costs of Skopje 2014 to a population struggling with unemployment and low wages. While the initial budget set out in 2010 estimated the total costs to be 80 million euros, the 2015 report by BIRN calculated the current total to be a whopping 560 million euros. In addition, many people feel that this figure is not reflected in the construction quality or standard of design and execution. All those involved, including architects, sculptors and construction firms have been dogged by questions of accountability.

The expressed rationale of the project is to attract tourists and foreign investment. This acts as a third source of alienation for local people, as they were never a primary concern of a massive redevelopment that is totally divorced from the daily lives of its inhabitants. Where my friends once fished in the river has now become selfie central and where they once sat in the shade of the trees, a monument to a distant forefather stands in the midday sun.

The main functions of the new developments are administrative, including, ironically, the constitutional court (which actually deemed the development illegal). There are also two museums, which can only be entered as part of a group guided by ‘experts’ who recite the ‘official’ history of Macedonia. What I have been told was once an inclusive and well used city centre (although underdeveloped) has become the playground of tourists and a few government employees and political elites. Many local people I spoke to not only had no reason to go, but also actively avoided venturing into the city centre.

As locals have become increasingly detached from their city, they themselves have also taken on the role of tourist. One evening I forced a friend, a member of the city’s Roma population, to explore the area with me – we ate ice cream and walked across one of the new, entirely superfluous bridges – for me it was a regular route in my explorations, for him it was the first time he’d been there. A lifelong Skopjan stepping onto that bridge crossed into a world that was not his own – a world that seems closer to my own history and culture than his, that has no relation to his sense of identity, community or socio-economic status.

As tourists themselves, what then do Skopjans have to say about Skopje 2014? In my experience locals speak about Skopje 2014 with as much bemusement and perplexity as any tourist, and probably more, having witnessed the twists and turns in this wild plot. They cannot make sense of any grand vision, they say that even the planners and architects themselves don’t have a plan, that they just make it up as they go along. In fact locals have no greater insight than the international media and their clichéd stories of a distant city making a mockery of itself.

One conversation in particular sticks in my mind, and one which neatly encapsulates the whole situation. One day during my visit I was drinking coffee in the city centre overlooking the main square with a friend and his three colleagues (a convenient meeting spot rather than a regular haunt). As we sat discussing Skopje 2014, these three wise men took it in turns to explain to me their interpretations. The first explained how and why the government chose sculpture and architecture for what he saw as solely a money laundering scheme. The second, a graduate in History and History of Art, explained how the account of history told by our surroundings in no way represented the truth of Macedonian history and expressed disbelief in the story sold by Skopje 2014. The third, whose English was limited, uttered a single word: Disneyland.

Rachel Ling has a BA in Architectural Studies from the University of Nottingham and a MSc in Urban Studies from UCL

http://www.failedarchitecture.com/how-skopjes-makeover-alienated-locals/

се додека се потпирате само на број на туристи како аргумент во тема за Ск2014, коментарите нема да ви имаат смисла... може и вујко ми од америка да ми дојде на гости и да се смета за турист...
дури и да речеме дека бројот на туристи да се има зголемено за пет пати во текот на една година, бројот како број сепак е ирелевантен, особено во темава

Edited by zabegan - 18-Dec-2015 at 05:57

Nema logika so 1987... .Toa bese Jugoslavija a Bugarija vo toa vreme bese pod Todor Zivkov... najbednoto vreme za niv...
Doagjaa so avtobusi vo Skopje na shoping.
90% od tie turisti vo 87ma se od niv.

Originally posted by King Originally posted by Cloverstack Темава се вика „Скопје 2014“ и тука главна тема е тој проект. Може да се осврнеме и на туристичкиот аспект, но веќе две страници и фазла за тоа се збори, па добивам впечаток дека некој сака да се зборува помалку конкретно за самиот проект, за грабежот, за невкусот, за урбанистичката катаклизма, и наместо тоа да наметне дека темата за туризмот е особено релевантна во нишкава. Епа не е.Кој сака поопширно да дебатира за туризам, за понатаму нека повели во некоја од соодветните нишки, на пример:- Туризам во МК- Туризам во СК- Македонија низ очите на странците Во ова целосно те подржувам, во право си, јас прекинувам во овој момент да пишувам на оваа тема за туризам, придобивките од ск2014 не се само туризам, придобивките од овој проект за Македонија се културни, национални, архитектонски, цивилизациски, Македонски, финансиски, развојни и историски. Да се инсистира само на една димензија од сите овие е изместување на суштината на дискисијата и намалување на вредноста на целиот проект.

Придобивките од Скопје 2014 имаат планетарна димензија. Тие го преродија македонскиот народ. Светлината на проектот е во нејзината авангардност, која празните глави уште не ни почнале да ја разбираат. Се е супер, како што вели Кинг, фали само црвено пенкало!

Темава се вика „Скопје 2014“ и тука главна тема е тој проект. Може да се осврнеме и на туристичкиот аспект, но веќе две страници и фазла за тоа се збори, па добивам впечаток дека некој сака да се зборува помалку конкретно за самиот проект, за грабежот, за невкусот, за урбанистичката катаклизма, и наместо тоа да наметне дека темата за туризмот е особено релевантна во нишкава. Епа не е.

Кој сака поопширно да дебатира за туризам, за понатаму нека повели во некоја од соодветните нишки, на пример:
- Туризам во МК
- Туризам во СК
- Македонија низ очите на странците


Edited by Cloverstack - 16-Dec-2015 at 20:44

Originally posted by fichot или тие од 2001-2006.

нека трепка

или тие од 2001-2006.

Originally posted by fichot нека трепка. странски туристи. 1987 - 689.016 2012 - 351.359 повеќе

нека трепка
2006: 202,357
2007: 230,080
2008: 254,957
2009: 259,204
2010: 261,696
2011: 327,471
2012: 351,359
2013: 399,680
2014: 425,314
ме чуди зошто никој не ги постира 120.000 туристи во периодот од 1992-1996, за да трепкаат нели

normalno deka raste, sega imame niskobudzetni kompanii i sekoj mesec se otvaraat novi linii. ne si laskajte deka nekoj doagja specijalno da vidi turbo folk barok od gips karton

Види, ти може да се подбиваш со некаква туристичка преродба, ама чесно е да се признае дека бројот на странски туристи рапидно расте. Впрочем, статистиката е егзактна наука:

2006: 202,357
2007: 230,080
2008: 254,957
2009: 259,204
2010: 261,696
2011: 327,471
2012: 351,359
2013: 399,680
2014: 425,314