Скопје 2014

How Skopje’s Urban Makeover Alienated Locals

Most people agree that the plan is in bad taste and a complete farce, but what impact is Skopje's postmodern transformation having on its citizens?

Under the auspices of “Skopje 2014”, a curious proliferation of statues, monuments and neo-classical and baroque architecture have lately begun popping up across Macedonia’s capital. While the expressed aim of this multi-million Euro project was to attract international investment and tourism to Skopje its international reception gives a measure of the overall cost of this project to the city’s reputation. The Guardian, for instance, ran with How Skopje became Europe’s new capital of kitsch, while CNN asked Is Macedonia’s capital being turned into a theme park? Indeed, looking at the coverage it appears to have been difficult to avoid well-worn comparisons to Disneyland or Las Vegas.

The government’s ambition has been to create a new national identity by rewriting history. Like so many other post-socialist cities, Skopje’s recent transformation looks to a distant past, deploying collective amnesia to skip over more recent troubles. The somewhat laughable statue of Alexander the Great, a shameless attempt to claim ownership over the legacy of ancient Macedonia, is perhaps the most obvious example. This postmodern fantasy may be amusing to the rest of Europe, but it is hard to see what relation Skopje 2014 has to the often harsh realities of everyday life in Skopje.

I spent June 2015 in Skopje to try to gain a deeper understanding of Skopje 2014, going beyond the grounds of taste to see the real impact the project has had on the city and its local people.

My first impression when I arrived was that it was much more chaotic than I had anticipated.. Skopje 2014 is not a master plan or a unified whole, but rather a series of monuments, buildings and facades. Despite the deadline suggested in the name, construction work continues at many of the major sites. For almost the entirety of my visit the central square Plostad Makadonija was in the process of being re-paved (“again” I heard the locals cry). Some plans, such as the controversial facelift and privatisation of the GTC shopping centre, were added to the project later and had not even begun. In short, it seems there is still much to be done.

But another thing that quickly became apparent was the extent to which Skopje 2014 is tied to a more far-reaching nationwide political crisis. Culminating in protests in May 2015, the crisis is the worst to hit the country since it gained independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, and it is amazing how quickly a conversation about neoclassical columns could turn into a conversation about protests, corruption and money laundering. This is linked to the fact that the transformation is almost entirely funded by the government, who managed to completely bypass local planning systems and normal procedure. And it isn’t helped by the project’s status as the brainchild of Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski, whose resignation the protesters had been calling for.

Gruevski in fact appears to have orchestrated the work himself. Speaking to a member of his party VMRO DPMNE, and someone who knew the Prime Minister personally, I asked why they had chosen the baroque style. He shrugged and replied “I don’t know, it is the Prime Minister’s taste”. But while Gruevski held on to power the construction work at least seemed set to continue, even as the cloud of controversy and tales of money laundering continue apace. Many people’s biggest fear about the unfinished project, however, is what will happen if Gruevski is not re-elected. As the political crisis continues, the project’s fate hangs in the balance.

In Skopje I found that among my friends and acquaintances there is a pervading sense of alienation. When a video was first released in 2010 showing the plans for the project, few Macedonians believed it could come to fruition – more likely an unachievable dream or a sadistic joke. Most have been continually surprised to watch as the structures have risen. The project has progressed and locals have been left baffled and increasingly angry. As construction work took over the city centre, it has become more and more disconnected from the reality of everyday life in Skopje.

On the subject of alienation, it is clear that Skopje 2014 has primarily had this effect through its physical form – the architecture and sculpture is quite foreign to the style and standards in Skopje. For instance, the Architects Association of Macedonia have been particularly outspoken in their opposition to the project. And it’s easy to see why. Like the planning system, the AAM was completely ignored. It was involved in neither commissioning nor implementation. As a likely consequence, the architecture varies greatly in the quality of design and execution, but is on the whole insensitive to its context and unsympathetic to Skopje’s architectural heritage.

In the rest of the city I have seen signs of many architects’ respect and admiration of the work of Kenzo Tange and Janko Konstantinov, and the younger generation of architects emerging from AAM is clearly taking inspiration from the brutalist and modernist legacy of the Yugoslav period. Not so the architects of Skopje 2014. The neoclassical and baroque architecture of Skopje 2014 are foreign objects in a city more accustomed to Corbusian pillars than doric columns.

A second source of alienation comes from the mounting costs of Skopje 2014 to a population struggling with unemployment and low wages. While the initial budget set out in 2010 estimated the total costs to be 80 million euros, the 2015 report by BIRN calculated the current total to be a whopping 560 million euros. In addition, many people feel that this figure is not reflected in the construction quality or standard of design and execution. All those involved, including architects, sculptors and construction firms have been dogged by questions of accountability.

The expressed rationale of the project is to attract tourists and foreign investment. This acts as a third source of alienation for local people, as they were never a primary concern of a massive redevelopment that is totally divorced from the daily lives of its inhabitants. Where my friends once fished in the river has now become selfie central and where they once sat in the shade of the trees, a monument to a distant forefather stands in the midday sun.

The main functions of the new developments are administrative, including, ironically, the constitutional court (which actually deemed the development illegal). There are also two museums, which can only be entered as part of a group guided by ‘experts’ who recite the ‘official’ history of Macedonia. What I have been told was once an inclusive and well used city centre (although underdeveloped) has become the playground of tourists and a few government employees and political elites. Many local people I spoke to not only had no reason to go, but also actively avoided venturing into the city centre.

As locals have become increasingly detached from their city, they themselves have also taken on the role of tourist. One evening I forced a friend, a member of the city’s Roma population, to explore the area with me – we ate ice cream and walked across one of the new, entirely superfluous bridges – for me it was a regular route in my explorations, for him it was the first time he’d been there. A lifelong Skopjan stepping onto that bridge crossed into a world that was not his own – a world that seems closer to my own history and culture than his, that has no relation to his sense of identity, community or socio-economic status.

As tourists themselves, what then do Skopjans have to say about Skopje 2014? In my experience locals speak about Skopje 2014 with as much bemusement and perplexity as any tourist, and probably more, having witnessed the twists and turns in this wild plot. They cannot make sense of any grand vision, they say that even the planners and architects themselves don’t have a plan, that they just make it up as they go along. In fact locals have no greater insight than the international media and their clichéd stories of a distant city making a mockery of itself.

One conversation in particular sticks in my mind, and one which neatly encapsulates the whole situation. One day during my visit I was drinking coffee in the city centre overlooking the main square with a friend and his three colleagues (a convenient meeting spot rather than a regular haunt). As we sat discussing Skopje 2014, these three wise men took it in turns to explain to me their interpretations. The first explained how and why the government chose sculpture and architecture for what he saw as solely a money laundering scheme. The second, a graduate in History and History of Art, explained how the account of history told by our surroundings in no way represented the truth of Macedonian history and expressed disbelief in the story sold by Skopje 2014. The third, whose English was limited, uttered a single word: Disneyland.

Rachel Ling has a BA in Architectural Studies from the University of Nottingham and a MSc in Urban Studies from UCL

http://www.failedarchitecture.com/how-skopjes-makeover-alienated-locals/

Originally posted by Staro Skopje It is Macedonia’s poaching of Alexander the Great that most infuriates Greece. Aside from geographic proximity, there is little connection between the late-arriving Slavic Macedonians and the Greek-speaking Alexander who died in 323 B.C. Figuratively thumbing his nose at Greece, Gruevski has renamed Skopje’s airport “Alexander the Great.” Barry Wood recently wrote in Travel about the TWA terminal at JFK Airport. He spent considerable time in the Balkans during the wars that followed the collapse of Yugoslavia. usatoday.com

Se prasuvam od kade gi dobiva detalite za artiklot...

Епа објави некоја позитивна критика за СК14 и Владата, би сакал да прочитам.

П.С. Влада се пишува со голема буква

Originally posted by zabegan знаев дека прво нешто за кое што ќе се фатите ќе бидат кратките политички конотации во текстовите... сакав јас да ги постирам и да ве предупредам да ги игнорирате, ама Џоле и Старо Скопје ме претркале

Znaci treba selektivno da citam i da mu oprostuvam za navredite?

Celata statija e edna golema politicka konotacija.

Originally posted by iGi_PoP Originally posted by zabegan знаев дека прво нешто за кое што ќе се фатите ќе бидат кратките политички конотации во текстовите... сакав јас да ги постирам и да ве предупредам да ги игнорирате, ама Џоле и Старо Скопје ме претркале Znaci treba selektivno da citam i da mu oprostuvam za navredite?Celata statija e edna golema politicka konotacija.

а кон кого е навреда?
за мене на пример навреда ми е тоа што ќе се крене масивен споменик во име на нацијата, а потоа тој ќе се искасапи во име на политика и ќе му се смени името
ова не ми предизвикува гордост, туку омраза кон сопствениот народ, кој се понаша како да е составен од несериозни мали дечиња кои се тепаат за играчки...


инаку, конкретно за статијата, не ја вреднувам нешто многу, затоа што е далеку од тоа да биде професионална критика на тема архитектура, ама ете, нека стои... можеби критиката е таква затоа што човекот зборувал со население кое има омраза кон проектот и тоа е разбирливо... и мене сега да ме праша за нешто, нема сигурно нешто позитивно да му кажам, ама тоа не ме прави ниту платеник, ниту државен непријател број еден... еднаш барем некој нека се потруди да одговорни на тие критики наместо да се навраќаме на истото

воопшто не ми се ни дискутира на оваа тема... исцрпена и избледена е уште пред пет-десет години и не е ни чудо што веќе многу малку се дискутира, за разлика од периодот кога беше политички актуелна

Може да наведеш линкови од барем 5, според тебе објективни анализи поврзани со проектот Скопје 2014?

Originally posted by hcitrS http://www.mn.mk/kultura/10047-Makedonija-i-Rim-arhitektonsko---urbanisticki-paraleli

Добро е текстов што почнува со етимологијата на зборот „историја“ па можеш брзо да ја сконташ сериозноста на истиот и да си заштедиш пар минути за нешто поквалитетно. History да ти било His+Story.
Ах Вангеле вангеле, не даваш од то дрогата срам да ти е.

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Originally posted by kultuzin Текстовите на пример во некој германски или австриски медиуми се само препишани од домашните СОРОС новинари. Тие се исповрзани како црева. За жал новинарството не е само кај нас на такви ниски гранки се помалку новинарите патуваат и прават објективни анализи а се повеќе само преведуваат текстови од новинари со кои ги поврзал интересот.

она кога ќе забегате со муабетиве за Сорос


Edited by zabegan - 20-Jan-2016 at 05:34

Originally posted by iGi_PoP Maalski muabeti u pm...Procitajte nesto pred da postirate gluposti.I dvete grupi ocajno barate materijali za da go podrzite vasiot argument... bez razlika na toa koj gi pisuva i koja e glavnata cel na pisatelot...

седно, забавно ми е понекогаш да гледам како сите се палат кога некој од страна ќе каже нешто лошо за земјава
...истовремено, еден куп културно-историски локалитети, споменици, настани, се заборавени, неактуелизирани, неодржувани, непрезервирани и нереконструирани... ама затоа Скопје ќе биде мадерфакинг вештачки форсиран културно-историски центар на земјата и наша најголема национална гордост... им се чудам многу често на логиката на сите
не знам зошто мораше во Скопје да има огромен споменик на Александар македонски со оглед на тоа колку квалитетни антички локалитети имаме и колку уште не се разоткриени како што треба... ако тоа не дава најголема политичка конотација на секое гледиште, не знам што друго...
тука нема што да се аргументира, народот си пати од комплекси и е збунет, и сето тоа се злоупотребува... ради кризи на идентитет мораше да се изнапати градов...